Matthew Bishop 5/28/20 After Julius Caesar's murder, his grandnephew, Octavian took over at 18 years old. He had the Second Triumvirate with Mark Anthony and Lepidus. Octavian forces Lepidus to retire. He and Mark Anthony become rivals. Mark Anthony partners up with Cleopatra but Octavian defeats them at the Battle of Actium. He is than the unchallenged ruler of Rome. He creates an empire. He ruled for 40 years and began the Pax Romana, a 207 year long era of peace and prosperity. He expanded Rome into Africa and set up civil service to run the government/empire. He died from natural causes. This began the age of emperors. Tiberius was a great general but a reluctant emperor. He died at age 77. Caligula was a cruel, extravagance and insane tyrant. Claudius suffered from many infirmities but was a good ruler. He built roads, aqueducts, canals, and started the conquest of Britain. Died from poisoning by his wife. Nero hugely overspent and would raid the temples for money. Not
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Matthew Bishop 5/26/20 On June 2, I'll be taking my test from 8:55 to 9:45 A.M. Bread and entertainment kept plebeians alive and to keep them quiet, docile and happy. Tiberius Gracchus recognized the advantages of courting the plebeians. Military generals worked that angle. They led army that conquered a land, than give the plebeians a share in the spoils. Nobody did this better than Julius Caesar. He made common folks happy, made friends in high places. He became friends with Pompey, a general and Crassus, the richest man in Rome and they formed the First Triumvirate. He served as consul for one year and than was appointed governor of Gaul. This made Pompey jealous and they battled in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt. Caesar won. He was than named dictator. He granted citizenship to people in provinces. He expanded the Senate, making more friends. Created jobs for the poor, increased pay for soldiers, and started colonies. But he was assassinated because the senators saw his r
Matthew Bishop 5/18/20 As Rome grew, the gap between rich and poor grew wider. The rich landowners lived on huge estates. Thousands of slave were forced to work on these estates. By 100 B.C, slaves made up 1/3 of Rome's population. Tiberius and Gaius attempted to help Rome's poor. They proposed reforms like limiting the size of estates and giving land to the poor. Both met violent deaths because they made enemies with numerous senators. A period of civil war followed their deaths. In 60 B.C, Julius Caeser took over. He conquered all of Gaul. The people of Rome loved him. He than defeated Pompey's army in Greece, Asia, Spain and Egypt. In 46 B.C he returned home to Rome where he had the support of the army and the masses. The senate than appointed him dictator. Many nobles and senators expressed concern over his growth in power. In 44 B.C. he was stabbed to death in the senate chamber. After his death civil war broke out. Rome was at its peak in 27 B.C. to A.D. 180 with
Matthew Bishop 5/14/20 Punic Wars- The Punic Wars took place from 264 to 146 BCE. The battles were between Rome and Carthrage. It was three wars. The First Punic War was 264-241 BCE. Both sides were fighting for control of the island of Sicily. Rome ended up winning. The Second Punic War was from 218-201 BCE. It started by Carthaginian leader Hannibal almost taking Rome. He attacked Rome from the North after crossing Iberia. Rome wins this however, as Hannibal can't get to Rome. The Third Punic War was from 149-146 BCE. Rome began this one to finally get rid of Carthage. Scipio, Tiberius Gracchus, and others mercilessly attacked. Carthage was burned for 17 days. When the war ended, the last 50000 people were sold into slavery. The rest of Carthage's territories were annexed and made into the Roman province of Africa.
Matthew Bishop 5/12/20 Slides 9-12: Tarquin's grandfather died and S.T. got power. Tarquin, who married one of S.T.'s daughters, throws S.T. down the stairs and into the street, than has him assassinated. He is than declared king by Tullia. Years later, Tarquin's son Sextus tries to force himself on a matron, Lucretia. After she refuses, he blackmails her and she commits suicide later. Tarquin tried to leave it behind but people rose against Sextus and Tarquin and they were expelled from Rome. This lead to no more kings and this story shows how corrupt the kings were in Rome and how other kings were also probably corrupt, but some of their stories are hidden in mystery. Slides 13-22: The kings of Rome were replaced by two consuls. They served for one year, they were patricians and they made laws, dealing justice, and commanded the army. Plebians challenged the leaders. They made up 98% of the population. They refused to serve in the military until there were written
Matthew Bishop 5/8/20 Second Slide- Etruscans founded Rome. They came from the north-central part of the peninsula. They were metalworkers, artists, and architects. They also had two foundation myths: The story of Remus and Romulus, and Virgil's Aeneid. Third Slide- The Greeks also founded Rome. They had many colonies around the Mediterranean Sea. The Romans borrowed ideas from them like religious beliefs, the alphabet, their art, and military techniques and weaponry. Fourth Slide- The Latins settled at Rome first. They were descendants of Indo- Europeans. They settled on the banks of the Tiber. A commercial port, but were susceptible to attack. They built on seven hills. Fifth Slide- Remus wanted the hill of Aventine. Romulus wanted the hill of Palatine. Sixth Slide- Rome was located right on the Tiber River Seventh Slide- There were many streams that flowed into the Tiber. There was a marshy area called the Forum, which was between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills
Matthew Bishop 5/4/20 Twelve Tables- The Twelve Tables written laws that were carved on twelve tables and hung on the Forum. It started in 451 B.C. when ten officials began writing down Rome's laws. The Twelve Tables established the idea that all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law. The laws were first carved on wooden tablets, but than changed to bronze for better material. Romans could memorize these written laws for their whole lives.
